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The American naval vessels in the Delaware River could no longer defend the Cheval-de-frise after Ft. Mifflin & Ft. Mercer fell to the British Army. The British Royal Navy could now sail upriver, above the Cheval-de-frise which had previously blocked their approach to Philadelphia.
Rather than being taken by the enemy, on the 20th & 21st of Nov. 1777 the Americans chose to burn their vessels. These vessels would be set afire off Gloucester Point & would drift upriver with the tide & wind.
A number of the smaller American vessels escaped upriver to Burlington City.
[ Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center at the Boston Public Library ]
https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:z603vn36d
21st of November 1777 - Diary of Elizabeth Drinker
“The Amricans had set their whole Fleet on fier”
“I was awaken'd this Morning befor 5 o'clock by the loud fireing of Cannon, my Head Aching very badly; All our Family was up but little Molly, --and a fire made in the Parlor, more then an hour before day-all our Neighbours were also up, and I believe most in Town- The Amricans had set their whole Fleet on fier, except one Small vesel and some of the Gondelows, which past by the City in the Night; the fireing was from the Delaware who lay at Coopers Point, on the Gondelows, which they did not return; Billy counted 8 different Vessels on fire at once in sight, one lay near the Jersey shore, opposite our House; we heard the explosion of 4 of 'em when they blew up, which shook our Windows greatly-We had a fair sight of the blazeing Fleet, from our upper Windows."
[ Extracts from the journal of Elizabeth Drinker, from 1759-1807; edited by Henry D. Biddle ]
https://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89098854524
The so called Rebel fleet was made up of vessels which belonged to the State of Pennsylvania referred to as the Pennsylvania Navy and those vessels belonging to the Continental Navy.
The "Brig Andre Doria" refers to the USS Andrew Doria was a 14-gun brig of the Continental Navy and was one of the vessels burned.
https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:z603vn36d
Nov. 20th and 21st of 1777, John André makes mention of Rebel Fleet being burnt off Gloucester.
"20th Several deserters came in from the Rebel Vessels: they said, the design of the Rebels was to set fire to their Ships and retire up the River with the Gallies.
21st At 4 o'Clock in the morning the Rebels set fire to their Ships near League Island, The Tide afterwards brought them some distance higher up the River, where they burnt and blew up; Some of their gallies at the same time
ran past the Town and escaped towards Burlington. It was said that 15 Ships Floating Batteries &c. were burnt and that 7 Gallies past the Town, 4 the night of the 20th and 3 this night."
John André was an intelligence officer in the British Army.
[ Journal of John André. HM 626. The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA. ]
https://hdl.huntington.org/digital/collection/p15150coll7/id/22349
Morton's original diary is in the collection of the Independence Seaport Museum in Philadelphia.
Robert Morton writes the Rebel Fleet
burned for five hours.
On Nov. 21st 1777 Robert Morton writes about the American fleet being burned by the Americans.
"Nov. 21st.—This morning about 4 o’clock the inhabitants were alarmed by a very severe firing, which proved to be from the Delaware Frigate at the Gondolas as they passed the town on the other side of the river. I walked down to the wharf and see all the American Navy on fire coming up with the flood tide, and burning with the greatest fury. Some of them drifted within 2 miles of the town and were carried back by the ebb tide. They burnt nearly 5 hours; 4 of them blew up. This maneuver is supposed to have been occasioned by the British having taken Red Bank. The Gondolas passed by in the fog. Lord Cornwallis being joined in the Jerseys by 4000 men from the fleet, it is said is to proceed to Burlington, to cross the Delaware and come in the rear of Washington’s Army."
[ The Diary of Robert Morton / The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ]
https://archive.org/details/jstor-20084252/page/n30/mode/1up?view=theater
Captain John Peebles
British Captain John Peebles writes of the fleet burning.
Captain John Peebles was an officer in a grenadier company with 42nd Regiment (Royal Highland Regiment) also known as The Black Watch. Peebles reports on the Burning of the Rebel Fleet at Gloucester on Friday 21st November 1777.
"Early this morng there was a good deal of firing in the River & a great Blaze seen down below, which proved to the Rebel fleet on fire …. They set fire to their large ships & blew ym up"
Notation on this map from 1778 "the Rebel Fleet Burnt" and the symbols which indicate the mast of sunken ships.
Link the Library of Congress map:
"Philadelphia and neighborhood"
1777-1778 In Sir Henry Clinton Papers this map also shows the "Rebel Fleet Burnt" "Nov 20th & 21st" ( 1777 )
William L. Clements Library / University of Michigan
BURNING OF AMERICAN VESSELS IN THE RIVER DELAWARE
attributed to Irwin John Bevan (1852-1940).
The Mariners’ Museum, Newport News, Virginia
Accession Number: 1940.0800.000001